Several years ago when I was Chair of a fundraising group for a well known wildlife centre, we paid for a pioneering study to monitor rehabilitated injured badgers on their release. They had radio collars attached and their movements were monitored by us as they searched for new sets. The results surprised us, they almost did a tour of the Southern half of the county. Obviously these badgers had been tested and were clear of TB, but had they instead been cull survivors scared off their patch, and TB carriers, the result is they could have passed on TB to loads of other badgers and cattle in their panicked wandering. The Cull will have huge impact on the movements of surviving badgers and in likelyhood will see more localised outbreaks of TB in due course.
Badgers give TB to cattle, fact. Infected cattle give TB to badgers, fact. The answer has to be a vaccine route, but the problem is one of EU regulation. You can't tell the difference between an infected cow and one thats been given the only effective current TB (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, so its illegal to give the vaccine. If all cows in the EU were given the vaccine, they'd all be fine, but you wouldn't know which if any were carriers. The EU wants a vaccine that can be differentiated from an infected cow v vaccinated, which is several years away.
You could also vaccinate badgers, the RSPCA offered to in the test areas rather than a cull but were refused. Cost would be considerable.
The answers are a few years off and the heated debate will continue until an effective solution is found. I have great sympathy for farmers who get an outbreak, and for the poor badgers. Full info for those interested below ;
Footnote, many human contagious diseases which cause many deaths such as influenza in the elderly are spread by children bringing them home from school, schools are breeding grounds for germs. Should we vaccinate or cull children?
http://www.tbfreeengland.co.uk/vaccination/